Europe faces challenges such as troop shortages, constrained defense budgets, and difficulties in attracting and retaining military personnel. Additionally, there is a need for more coordination and unified command among European forces.

The Trump administration's demands for Europe to assume more responsibility for its defense, combined with concerns over U.S. commitment to NATO, have raised questions about NATO's readiness and potential fragmentation if some members refuse to participate in combat.

European countries are considering reinstating compulsory military service (conscription) and developing well-trained reserves to increase personnel numbers. Some countries like Lithuania offer financial and educational incentives to attract volunteers.

Russia's military buildup, including its preparations in Belarus and efforts to militarize its society, poses a significant threat to European security. This has led to concerns about potential Russian aggression against NATO member states within the next few years.